You must answer two of the following questions. The content of the questions may overlap somewhat, but your answers should not have much overlap with each other. Your completed exam must be submitted

You must answer two of the following questions.  The content of the questions may overlap somewhat, but your answers should not have much overlap with each other. Your completed exam must be submitted on Canvas by 11:59 PM ET on Sunday, February 28th.  Though length will vary depending on your style of writing, you must write at least 4 double-spaced pages for each question.  Be sure to address every aspect of the question.

Your answers must be submitted as a single document in Microsoft Word or pdf format.  The answers must adhere to the following guidelines:

1.    Describe the fundamental tenets of social disorganization theory, starting from its origins with Shaw and McKay and continuing through the more recent extensions such as the concept of collective efficacy by Sampson’s and others. Include a discussion of the empirical research that has tested the theory and its extensions.

2.    Compare and contrast the social disorganization perspective (e.g. Shaw & McKay and Sampson) with the differential organization perspective (e.g. Anderson’s “code of the street”).  How are the two perspectives compatible, and how are they incompatible?  Be sure to include a discussion of empirical research for each perspective. Given that they are considerably different in many ways, how do you think it is possible that empirical evidence has found support for both?

3.    Robert Sampson’s book, Great American City, makes the case that life is decisively shaped by where you live. Each chapter in the book supports this argument in a different way, including (but not limited to) thorough discussions of the theory of collective efficacy, the influence of disorder, and mobility experiments. Based on the arguments and research evidence in this book, describe two specific programs or policies that could be implemented by cities or neighborhoods to reduce levels of crime in neighborhoods.  For each of the two programs you propose, you must describe the program and explain why you would expect it to be successful in reducing crime based on the arguments made in the book. You cannot simply give your own opinion about what would reduce neighborhood crime levels. Each program must be supported by specific arguments made in the book.

• Provide in-text citations for any information you draw from the readings (e.g. Recent research has found that…. (Kubrin and Wo 2016)).
• Use a 12pt font such as Arial or Times New Roman, double-spaced
• Use margins no larger than 1”.
• At the beginning of each answer, clearly indicate which question number you are answering, but do not type the actual question in your document.
• Grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting will be part of your grade.
• A title sheet is not required.
• Provide in-text citations for any information you draw from the readings (e.g. Recent research has found that…. (Kubrin and Wo 2016)).
• You do not need a references/works cited page if all of your citations come from the course readings. If you draw on anything outside the course–which is absolutely not necessary–you should provide a separate references page at the very end of your submission. Any recognized format is fine (e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago style, etc). This reference page does not count toward your page count.
• Avoid including direct quotes from the readings. Instead, put things into your own words and then provide a citation at the end of the sentence. You only need to include page numbers in your citation if you are citing a direct quote. The best submissions will have no direct quotes.

we also used Sampson, Robert J. 2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226055688. I can give the Chegg login if needed.